Designed to evaluate the magnitude of stress in the parent–child system, the fourth edition of the popular PSI is a 120-item inventory that focuses on three major domains of stress: child characteristics, parent characteristics, and situational/demographic life stress.

Features and benefits

• Commonly used as a diagnostic or screening measure to evaluate the parenting system. 
• Helps identify at-risk or problem areas in the child's or parent's behavior. 
• Two domain scores and 13 subscales facilitate both treatment planning in relation to problem areas and the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. 
• Useful in family system evaluations such as custody evaluations or at-risk for dysfunctional parenting. 
• Major enhancements in this revision include: improved cultural sensitivity of item language, increased internal consistency of scales, the addition of age-based norms at the domain and subscale level, enhanced factor loading of items on scales, the addition of T scores to enhance interpretation, and a new normative sample that includes fathers. 
• Has been translated into more than 30 languages and maintains its factor structure and predictive abilities. 
• Expanded norms are organized by each year of a child's age. T scores are provided, but percentiles remain the primary interpretive framework. 
• A Defensive Responding subscale indicates whether the parent is presenting a "minimizing" or "look good" bias to their responses. 
• Validation studies conducted within a variety of foreign populations, including Chinese, Portuguese, French Canadian, Finnish, and Dutch, suggest that the PSI is a robust measure that maintains its validity with diverse non-English-speaking cultures.

Test structure

Two domains, Child and Parent, combine to form the Total Stress scale. The Life Stress scale provides information about the amount of parent stress caused by factors outside the parent-child relationship.

• Within the Child Domain, six subscales (Distractibility/Hyperactivity, Adaptability, Reinforces Parent, Demandingness, Mood, and Acceptability) evaluate sources of stress as gathered from the parent’s report of child characteristics.
• Within the Parent Domain, seven subscales (Competence, Isolation, Attachment, Health, Role Restriction, Depression, and Spouse/Parenting Partner Relationship) measure sources of stress related to parent characteristics.

Technical information

• All-new normative data were collected from a sample of 534 mothers and 522 fathers stratified to match the demographic composition of the 2007 U.S. Census.
• Coefficient alpha reliability coefficients based on the responses of individuals in the normative sample ranged from .78 to .88 for Child Domain subscales and from .75 to .87 for Parent Domain subscales. Reliability coefficients for the two domains and the Total Stress scale were .96 or greater, indicating a high degree of internal consistency for these measures.
• Test-retest reliability coefficients, obtained through several studies, ranged from .55 to .82 for the Child Domain, from .69 to .91 for the Parent Domain, and from .65 to .96 for the Total Stress score.
• Validity has been investigated in studies that focused on at-risk children, attachment, ADHD, child abuse, forensic contexts, medical treatment adherence, substance abuse, parental depression, and more.

Short form available

The PSI-4 SF quickly identifies parent-child problem areas using one simple form in just 10 minutes. Learn more.

Available in Spanish

PSI-4 Record/Profile Forms have been translated into U.S. Spanish. This product uses English norms only.

Software available

The PSI-4 SP allows you to administer either the 120-item PSI-4 or the 36-item PSI-4-SF on-screen or to hand-enter item responses from either form and produces up to four reports. In addition, the software allows you to e-mail an invitation to complete the PSI-4 or PSI-4-SF to the client or rater and helps you manage these assessments. An updated PSI bibliography is included within the software.

• The PSI-4 Interpretive Report contains a percentile profile, a T-score profile, a score summary table, a validity analysis, a scale-by-scale interpretation of the protocol, a list of possible diagnoses for the child, and intervention recommendations.
• The PSI-4 Score Report contains a percentile profile, a T-score profile, a score summary table, and a table of item responses.
• The PSI-4-SF Interpretive Report contains a profile, a score summary table, a scale-by-scale interpretation of the protocol, and a list of possible diagnoses for the child.
• The PSI-4-SF Score Report contains a percentile profile, a T-score profile, a score summary table, and a table of item responses.

The PSI-4 SP is built on a software platform that improves navigation, ensures ease of use for both client and administrator, and features an innovative design.

To learn more about the PSI-4, visit the PAR Training Portal and watch a video presentation given by the author!